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Latin name: Citrus limon (Linnaeus) Family name Rutaceae Oil from fruit rind Obtained by cold expression Origin Argentine. We found no pesticides or herbicides Density @ 20C this Batch: 0.8514 Aroma: This is a truly beautiful fresh Oil - Clean, Sweet, fruity characteristic of fresh squeezed lemon. Color: light yellow Lemon Oil

• File:C:\HPCHEM\1\DATA\KBOILNEW\NEWCOL~1\0102051\KB01028.D
• Operator: Kev, & Scott of Kobashi Essential Oils
• Date Acquired: 10 Feb 2001 2:32
• Method File: KBOILLOW
• Sample Name: kb01028 Lemon
• Misc Info: kb01028 Lemon 2ml c5 to 50uls
• threshold=14 , area cutoff=0
• GC 5890 system and auto sampler
• Oil solution: 50uls of oil in 2ml pentane (acetone to clear if necessary)
• Injection volume: 1m l, splitless
• Column type: zTx5 reztec, 59.23m, 0.22mmID, 0.25um film thickness
• Carrier gas: Helium
  
• Flow rate: 1ml/min, 25.9cm/sec
• Pressure: 186 KPa
  
• Injector temp: oil dependant, this oil 250C
• Detector temp: 280° C
• Ms ( Mass Spectrum) System: Hp Ms5972 quadrapole detector
  
• Lemon Oil analysed in conjunction with Hp Chemstation , Wiley 275Library,Own retention library developed over many years of testing Kobashi Essential Oils, standards chemicals, and own distillations. Chemical cross analysed with Indentification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatograpy/Mass Spectroscopy by Robert P Adams. Individual Ion patterns of chemicals have been confirmed through wiley 275L.

 Important info;

Latin name; Citrus limom (d) (Citrus limomum)
Family name Rutaceae (k)
Type
Oil from Fruit rind
Obtained by Cold expression
Origin Argentina, Brazil, Italy, Spain, USA
Density 0.840 @20 degrees C (Kobashi BULK spain)
Density (lit)SG 0.849-0.858 @20 degrees C (f)
SG 0.851-0.852 @25 degrees C (d,III,105)
Refractive index (lit) 1.474-1.476 (f)
Optical rotation +57 to +65 (f)
+57 to +62 (d,III,105)
(Polarisation in 100mm tube)
Acid value
Ester value (lit)
Flash point 43-50(f) degrees C
43(l) degrees C


Health
mild toxic by ingestion (l)
May cause dermal irritation in some individuals (k)
None at 10%, human (f)
Sensitisation may cause dermal sensitisation in some individuals (k)
None at 10%, human (f)
Phototoxicity yes, do not use on skin exposed to direct sunlight (k)
May contain Bergaptene and/or oxypeucedanin (k)
IFRA; use @ <2% on skin to be exposed to sunlight {within 12hr,(g) }(k)
up to 10 furanocoumarins (g)
Bergaptene is photocarcinogenic (g)
(Distilled lemon oil is NOT phototoxic) (g)

Expiry term approximately 2 yrs
Susceptible to rapid deterioration if not stored in dark, cool place / refrigerated, under min. headspace of air (h) – else aldehydes may oxidise to acids (f)

Avoid sunlight after skin application


Composition (see xL sheet)
VOC; a comparison of head space analysis and ‘norma’ (a,88,p67)

Aldehydes C8 to C12 – important aroma bearing – need to report (a,81,150)

Check for Bergaptene and oxypeucedanin - phototoxic (k)
Level of oxidation shown by limonene oxides (h)
Furanocoumarins 2% (g)
Bergaptene vary greatly with area of production (a,81,p42)
‘Citral’ ; cis= Neral very important to composition (d,III,105)
trans= Geranial should be around 1.5 to 3% (both combined; depending on origin)

Check for sprays used on fruit (f)
Non volatile components make up about 2% of the oil (b)

Terpinen-4-ol (%) 0.02 (cold-pressed) 0.35 (distilled) (e,P&F 21(4))

Ageing(a,76,18)
Limonene oxid to cis- and trans- epoxides, carvone, carveol
‘Citral’ practically disappears after 36 months
Coumarins tend to retard ageing
Sediment forms on storage – high in coumarins – so less in oil to prevent oxidation
Terpinene.gamma. suggested rearranges to para-Cymene (a known source of off-odour in degraded oil –p26, (a,81,113))

Can be prevented from oxidising by addition of tocopherol (0.001-0.05%), and/or stearyl ascorbate (0.01%) (a,92,p1)
Chiral
Pinene.alpha. (1.7-2.6%) (1R)-(+) 33-38% (1S)-(-) 62-67% (e,P&F 21(1))
Pinene.beta. (11.3-17.0%) (1R)-(+) 5-6% (1S)-(-) 64-95%(e,P&F 21(1))
Limonene (72.0-73.7%) (4R)-(+) 99% (4S)-(-) 1%(e,P&F 21(1))
95 samples; (4R)-(+) 98.2% (4S)-(-) 1.8%(a,92,p161)
Linalool (-): (+) 54:46 (cold-pressed) 53:47 (distilled) (e,P&F 21(4))
Terpinen-4-ol (+) : (-) 20:80 (cold-pressed) 28:72 (distilled) (e,P&F 21(4))

Adulteration;
Carene, .delta.-3 – levels above trace show adulteration (e,P&F 21(4))
Terpinen-4-ol (%) 0.02 (cold-pressed) 0.35 (distilled) (e,P&F 21(4))

Density 0.840 @20 degrees C (Kobashi BULK 3935)
Density (lit) SG 0.849-0.858 @20 degrees C (f)
SG 0.851-0.852 @25 degrees C (d,III,105)
Refractive index (lit) 1.474-1.476 (f)
Optical rotation +57 to +65 (f)
+57 to +62 (d,III,105)
(Polarisation in 100mm tube)
Acid value
Ester value (lit)
Flash point 43-50(f) degrees C
43(l) degrees C

• TO USE: 4-8 drops in vaporizer or in burner on water. 3-5 drops in bath. (May have warming effect if not thorough mixed in bath, preferably in a bath or shampoo base.) ~2 drop in 5ml (1tspn) or < 3% in carrier oil, moisturiser, shampoo, etc.

• CAUTION: Do not take internally or apply undiluted to the skin.
• Even though Lemon oil is used in food and drink we always say ," Do not take internally or apply undiluted to the skin."
• KEEP AWAY FROM CHILDREN AND EYES.

•  Usages: refreshing, uplifting., ingredient in foods and drinks.*also see
• Kobashi Essential Oils 2 Fore Street Ide devon Ex2 9RQ UK www.kobashi.com lemon@kobashi.com
  
  Used safely this is a beautiful Oil.
  
  *******Health & Safety******* Precautions in case of over exposure.
  This information is for manufacturers use: buying of large quantities to bottle and sell on.
  
  
• * Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting, drink at least 1 pint of water.Seek urgent medical advice.
• * Inhalation: Remove casualty to fresh air,keep respiratory passages free and seek medical advice immediately. Harmful: May cause lung damage if swallowed. If swallowed do don’t induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show container or label.
• * Eye contact: Irrigate with clean water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical advice if stinging persist.
• * Skin Contact:Remove contaminated clothing and wash with soap and water.
• * Storage:Tightly sealed, well filled containers in a cool dark place. Keep away from sources of ignition.
• *Flammable: Flash point 43 degrees C In case of fire use only dry powder or foam-never use water.
• *Spillage: Eliminate all sources of ignition. No smoking. (e.g. propietary oil drying granules or sand, NOT sawdust or other flammable materials) and transfer to an approved waste disposal container, observing national legislation. Wash area clean with water and detergent.

•  References Checked by Dr. Kevin Brigden;

(a) Essential oils books (1976-94) yes
(b) Leonard Price folder yes
(c) Oil folder yes
(d) Gunther I-VI yes
(e) Journals (from xL list) yes
(f) Aromatherapy for health profs ,Shirley & Len Price.yes
(g) Essential Oil Safety, yes a Guide for Health Care Professionals R. Tisserand, T. Balacs
(h) The chemistry of essential oils yes
(i) Health and safety info (IFRA) yes
(k) The Encyclopaedia of Essential oils, Julia Lawless yes
(l) health and safety folder yes

Kobashi Essential Oils 2 Fore Street Ide devon Ex2 9RQ UK www.kobashi.com lemon@kobashi.com

• Feel free to use this information. I only ask you give credit where credit is due. You may also make a link to this page by inserting http://www.kobashi.info/oil_info/oil-analysis/Lemon/lemon_kb01028/lemon_kb01028.htm in your page.
• Legal disclaimer: The information given on this
  material health and safety sheet is not a warranty as to the performance or suitability of the product. The information must be regarded only as a description of the health, safety and environmental requirements for that product. The information contained herein is true and accurate to the best of our knowledge and belief, but does not claim to be all inclusive. Since the conditions of use are out of our control, Kobashi shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the product. It is the responsibility of the user to take all necessary measures to comply with legal requirements and local regulations
  

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